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Diet Red Flags
You have permission to publish this article electronically or in print, free of charge, as long as the bylines are included. A courtesy copy of your publication would be appreciated. Original URL (The Web version of the article) ...
Good Health Begins with Diet and Exercise
Diet and Exercise - Secrets Of Good Health
A balanced diet and physical activity are the two
time-tested secrets of good health. If you are overweight
and want to shed some pounds, regular exercise has
repeatedly proven itself as the most...
Laughter, Why It's so Good for You
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Laughter makes you feel good for a reason. The physiological effects on your body are amazing. For example:
Laughter reduces levels of certain stress...
Walking for Your Health
Walking is the easiest way of exercise because it is accessible at anyplace, anywhere and anytime. Several studies show that walking can:
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reduce body fat
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What is a Botox Injection anyway?
The cosmetic form of botulinum toxin, often referred to by its product name Botox, is a popular non-surgical injection that temporarily reduces or eliminates frown lines, forehead creases, crows feet near the eyes and thick bands in the neck. The...
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The Pathophysiology of Tetanus
Tetanus is an acute, often fatal disease caused by an exotoxin produced in a wound by Clostridium tetani. Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive, nonencapsulated, motile, obligatively anaerobic bacillus. It exists in vegetative and sporulated forms. Spores are highly resistant to disinfections by chemical or heat, but vegetative forms are susceptible to the bactericidal effect of heat, chemical disinfectants, and a number of antibiotics.
Clostridium tetani is a noninvasive organism. It is found in soil and in the intestine and feces of horses, sheep, cattle, dogs, cats, rats, guinea pigs and chicken. Manure-treated soil may contain large numbers of spores too.
Tetanus occurs after spores or vegetative bacteria gain access to tissues and produce toxin locally. The usual mode of entry is trough a puncture wound or laceration. Tetanus may also follow elective surgery, burn wounds, otitis media, dental infection, abortion and pregnancy. Neonatal tetanus usually follows infection of the umbilical stump.
In the presence of anaerobic conditions, the spores germinate. Toxins,including tetanolysin (which potentiates infection) and tetanospasmin (a potent neurotoxin) are produced. Tetanospasmin, often referred to as tetanus toxin, causes clinical tetanus. The toxin produced is disseminated through the bloodstream and lymphatic system. However, it does not enter the central nervous system through this route, as it cannot cross the blood brain barrier except at the fourth ventricle. The toxin is exclusively taken up by
the neuromuscular junction, where it migrates retrograde transynaptically at the rate 75-250mm/day, a process which takes 3-14 days, protected from neutralizing antitoxin, predominantly to inhibitory synapses to prevent the release of acetylcholine.
The toxin acts after the incubation period (3-14) days) at several sites within the central nervous system, including peripheral motor end plates, spinal cord, brain and sympathetic nervous system. The typical clinical manifestations of tetanus are caused when tetanus toxin interferes with release of neurotrasmitters, blocking inhibitor impulses.
Blockade of spinal inhibition is produced when the toxin acts at the synapse of interneurons of inhibitory pathways and motor neurons. General muscle rigidity arises from uninhibited afferent stimuli entering the central nervous system from the periphery. The effect of the toxin on the brain is controversial; direct inoculation can cause seizures.
One of the many complications from tetanus is respiratory failure secondary to spasms, obstruction by secretions, exhaustion and pulmonary aspiration. Cardiovascular complications thought to be due to hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system include tachycardia, with heart rates over 180 beats per minute, severe vasoconstriction and hypertension. Autonomic dysfunction is seen as increased basal sympathetic activity and episodes of sympathetic over activity. (SOA).
About the Author
www.medical-explorer.com
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