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"Bankers' Banks"- The Role of Central Banks in Banking Crises
Central banks are relatively new inventions. An American President (Andrew Jackson) even cancelled its country's central bank in the nineteenth century because he did not think that it was very important. But things have changed since....
Budgeting -- The Critical Flaw That Causes Most Budgets To Fail
Budgeting. It's a word we're all familiar with. Everyone knows what a budget is, right? Yet how many of us actually make and stick to a solid monthly budget? The truth is that most of us start out with the best of intentions, but an unexpected...
Don’t Discount the Temporary Position Interview
If you think, 'it's just an interview for a temp job -- no big deal,' that's where you're mistaken. Some wonderful opportunities, networking connections and careers have resulted from temporary positions.
Temporary assignments today run the...
Home Inspections - Before Signing the Contract
Home Inspections - Resale Homes
The purchase of a home is for most people, the single largest
financial transaction they will make in their lifetime. When
purchasing a resale home, the home inspection process is vitally
important. Done...
What is a Business Analyst? (Part 1)
What is a Business Analyst?
Today the term Business Analyst is synonymous with a career in
the IT industry but the most successful and valuable analysts
are those who understand the "business" rather than those who
understand IT.
So...
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Cashing Out ... What Is Your Business REALLY Worth?
Question: What is your business REALLY worth?
Answer: Whatever someone else is willing to pay for it at the time.
That's a true statement as far as it goes but it doesn't take into
account that the way you arrive at a value for your business can
give you much-needed ammunition when it comes to justifying
your asking price and therefore allow you to influence what the
prospective purchaser is willing to pay.
Here's a quick primer of the various methodologies commonly
used for valuing businesses (for purposes of imminent sale or
otherwise):
1. Asset Valuation
This is used by businesses with predominantly physical assets,
especially inventory. Typical businesses that would use this
approach are manufacturing and retail. The valuation takes into
account the following figures: (a) the fair market value of fixed
assets and equipment; (b) the value of leasehold improvements;
(c) owner benefit (the seller's discretionary cash for one year -
comes from the adjusted income statement); and (d) inventory.
2. Capitalization of Income Valuation
This is used by businesses with predominantly intangible assets.
It places no value on physical assets, only intangibles. Typically
used by service businesses. Under this method, various factors
are given a weighting of 0-5 with 5 being the most positive score.
The average of these factors yields the "capitalization rate" which
is then multiplied by the buyer's discretionary cash (75% of the
owner benefit defined in 1. above) to arrive at the market value of the
business. The factors to be rated are: (a) owner's reason for selling;
(b) length of time the company has been in business; (c) length of
time the current owner has owned the business; (d) the degree of
risk; (e) profitability; (f) location; (g) growth history; (h) competition;
(i) barriers to entry; (j) future industry potential; (k) customer base;
and (l) technology.
3. Capitalized Earnings
This method is based on the rate of return anticipated by the
investor. Small businesses are expected to have a rate of return
of 20-25%. So, if your small business has expected earnings of
$10,000 for the year, its value may be $40,000 - $50,000.
4. Cash Flow
This method is simply based on how much of a loan the purchaser
could get based on the adjusted cash flow of the business. The
adjustments to cash flow are for amortization, depreciation and
equipment replacement. Obviously, when using this method, the
value of the business fluctuates with changing interest rates.
5. Discounted Cash Flow
This method discounts the business's projected earnings to adjust
for real growth, inflation and risk. It calculates the value today (i.e.,
discounted for time) of the business's future earnings.
6. Leapfrog Start-up
This is used when the buyer wants to save him or herself the
cost, time and effort of ramping up a new business. The buyer
estimates what it would have cost to do the startup less what is
missing plus a premium for saved time. The more difficult, expensive
or time consuming the start-up would otherwise be, the higher the
value that will be arrived at using this method.
7. Excess Earning Method
Similar to the capitalized earnings approach, but the return on assets
is separated from other earnings which are deemed "excess" earnings
generated. The return on assets is usually determined by industry
averages.
8. Owner Benefit Valuation
This method is based on the seller's discretionary cash flow. It is
usually used for businesses whose value comes from its ability to
generate cash flow and profit. The formula is to simply multiply the
the owner benefit by 2.2727.
9. Rule of Thumb Methods
These are rough guides based on industry averages. Many industry
organizations have developed methods for their particular industries.
They are highly unscientific and hardly rigorous but act as a good
"gut-check". You certainly wouldn't use them on their own but they
can be useful to check that the value you've arrived at using a more
scientific approach is in the ballpark.
10. Tangible Assets (Balance Sheet)
This method is basically a value of the business's current assets and
nothing else. Typically used where the business is losing money.
This approach will usually be utilized when selling the business is
just a matter of getting the best possible price for the equipment,
inventory and other assets of the business. A good strategy is to
approach other firms in the same business that would have a direct
use for such assets.
11. Multiple of Earnings
A multiple of the cash flow of the business is used to calculate its
value.
12. Value of Specific Intangible Assets
The value of the business is based on how much it would have cost
the buyer to generate the intangible asset. Typically used where
specific intangible assets that come with the business are highly
valuable such as a customer base. Customers with a high
likelihood of being retained are valuable in most industries.
The most appropriate valuation method for you depends very much
on the nature of your business. If you manufacture widgets, for
example, you'll want to use the asset valuation method. If you offer
website design services, on the other hand, you'll want to use the
capitalization of income method instead. If you're selling a web-
based business where the major asset is your high traffic volume
and/or list of ezine subscribers, you will probably want to use the
value of specific intangible assets method, such as 10 cents
per subscriber (or whatever the going rate is).
Is more than one valuation method applicable to your business?
If so, calculate the value of your business in accordance with
all of them and see which gives the best result (i.e., highest
value). Another good approach is to average your calculations
to get a reasonable ballpark figure.
Whichever method you choose, understand it inside out so
that when the time comes, you can authoritatively justify your
asking price to potential buyers. Pulling a figure out of thin air
without any substantiation whatsoever is much less impressive
than being able to say, with confidence, "I worked with my
advisers using a number of different methodologies to value the
business. We adopted the value of specific intangibles method
because the backbone of the business is our large, loyal ezine
subscriber database. We also calculated it on the basis of
capitalization of income, which yielded a similar value. I can
show you the calculations if it will help you see where the number
comes from."
By following this approach you may not necessarily get the
value you are after (for this reason, many sellers artificially
inflate their asking price so they have room to be negotiated
down), but at least you have a solid starting point for
negotiations and are much more likely to be able to negotiate
a price both buyer and seller are able to live with.
About the Author
Elena Fawkner is editor of A Home-Based Business Online ...
practical home business ideas for the work-from-home
entrepreneur.
http://www.ahbbo.com/mmp/sub.cgi?AHBBO=!FLM
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